(051008 revised, 051004 created)

Isamu HIURA and Romualdo E, ALJLGAR а(1971)
STUDIES ON THE PHILIPPINE BUTTERFLIES CHIEFLY COLLECTED BY THE C0-0PERATIVE SURVEY BY THE OSAKA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AND THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES, 1969. part I : Papilionidae *
Bulletin of the Osaka Museum of Natural History, 24: 29-44 (1971), pls. 1-4.

Isamu HIURA
0saka Museum of Natural History and
Romualdo E, ALJLGAR
National Museum of the Philippines
' Contributions from the Osaka Museum of Natural History, No. 152.
Philippine Natural History Papers, No. 2.

The Philippines, which are consisted of 1, 1O7 islands, scatter triangularly in the eastern border of the Asian continental shelf. In tropical or subtropical climate, geographical situation of the islands yields abundant endemic fauna which presents interesting problems to biologists in the field of historical biogeography. It is generally said that about 620 species of butterflies recorded from the Archipelago. Since the publication of Semper's monograph in 1886, numerous data have been added to the butterfly fauna of this country. However, the most of them were so fragmental that wide scope of view of faunal composition had been highly expected.

At the end of 1969, forty days trip for butterfly collecting was undertaken as one of the main projects of "Natural history survey of the Philippines by the Osaka Museum of Natural History in co-operation with the National Museum of the Philippines". During these short days trip, more than 2, 500 samples of butterflies were collected by us and Mr. Yorio MIYATAKE, all who were the members of the project. Present materials can be classified into about 200 species by a short account of investigation. It is supposed that this number of species represent only one fifth of the whole of the butterflies which are actually living in the Philippine Islands.

The main purpose of this series of reports is to describe the morphological and biogeographical features of the butterflies captured during the present survey. Although the collections were not extensive and not rich in number of species and specimens, we believe that thorough investigation of the present materials will contribute something new to the biogeography of the Philippine fauna. We have also a little expectation that study on the present materials will throw some lights upon a question from where the butterfly immigrants come into Japan.

Itinerary and brief descriptions of the collecting sites were already printed in the first report of the serial publications entitled "Philippine Natural History Papers." Before entering the subject, we wish to express our cordial gratitude to all who favoured our field survey, whose name were also introduced in the first report. Hearty thanks are also due to the members of the survey, especially to Mr. Y. MIYATAKE, curator of entomology of the Osaka Museum of Natural History, who supported us to obtain many valuable samples.

In compiling this paper we tender our warmest thanks to Prof. Takashi SHIROZU and his stuff of Biological Laboratory, Kyushu University, for their kind advices and supports in various ways. Prof. Tamotsu ISHIHARA and Dr. Sadanari HISAMATSU, Ehime University and Mr. Taizo HONDA of Kansei-Gakuin University allowed us to use some specimens for study to whom we are sincerely grateful.

Short series of Philippine butterflies in the collection of the Osaka Museum of Natural History will be included in this report for convenience. They are shown by the registoral number in the bracket such as (OMNH. El-1OO63).

I. PAPILIONIDAE

As far as the butterfly is concerned, Papilionidae is the most gorgeous insect. Special attention of lepidopterists have been paid to taxonomy of the family so numerous local races or geographical subspecies were known to science. In the Oriental region especially in "WALLACEA" such as the Philippines, major islands or island group for the most part, have their own endemic representatives of wide spread swallowtail. It is very difficult problem to solve whether the endemic race differentiate to the specific level or not as compared with those of neighbouring islands. In the Philippines, 44 species of Papilionidae have been recorded. Among of them, 12 are endemic to the Philippine proper, 4 are confined to Palawan, 4 are restricted to the Philippine proper and Palawan, and 21 are the species common with Borneo and other Malaysian Archipelago judging from the present level of knowledge of Papilionidae classification.

We think, further investigation must be done to recognize the true meaning of higher degree of endemism in the Philippine proper than that of Palawan based on the standpoint view of historical biogeography. As the first step to approach the problem, comparative study of male genital structures of the Philippine Papilionidae with those of neighbouring lands was done as far as we could. In the case that the gap between endemic Philippine race and other races is larger than that among Malaysian or Oriental races, we treated the Philippine race as endemic "species".

As a consequence, some changes of taxonomy of Philippine swallowtails are needed.

1. Trogonoptera trojana (Honrath, 1886) (pl. 1, fig.1, text-fig. 1 &9) (not shown here)

2a. Troides rhadamantus rhadamantus (Lucas, 1835) (not shown here)

2b. Troides rhadamantus plateni (staudinger, 1888) (not shown here)

3. Troides megallanus (C. & R. Felder, 1862) (not shown here)

4. Atrophaneura semperi aphthonia (Rothschild, 1908) (not shown here)

5. Pachliopta aristolochiae antiphus (Fabricius, 1775) (not shown here)

6. Pachliopta kotzebuea (Eschscholtz, 1821) (not shown here)

7. Pachliopta phegeus (Hopffer, 1866) (not shown here)

8. Lamproptera meges decius (C. & R. Felder, 1862). (not shown here)

9. Graphium sarpedon sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) (not shown here)

10. Graphium agamemnon agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758) (not shown here)

11. Papilio (Memelaides) alphenor ledebouria (Eschscholtz, 1821)

(pl. 4. figs. 11-1~11-12 : text-figs. 5 & 1O): , ,
Papilio (Lacrtias) alphenor: Semper 1886-~92 Reis. Arch. Phil., 2 (5): 276~7.
Papilio alphenor var. ledebouria and var. elros : Staudinger 1889 Iris, 2:11.
Papilio polytes ledebouria including БК f. horsfieldi, БК f. praxilla and БК f. elyros : Jordan 1908-9 Seitz Macrolep. World, 9: 60-63.

(specimens examined) LUZON: 7БЙ 3БКБ@БiВQБК f. horsfieldi, 1БК f. elyrosБj, Manila, 1955-viii-18~30. ix-9, C. Hoare leg. (OMNH. EI-10759-10768). 1 БЙ 1БК, Manila, no data (OMNH. EI-622 & 623, ex Tomita Co. This female specimen allied to f. praxilla, but differs from it by the smaller central white marking and larger orange spots of the hind wing. ). 1 БЙ 1БК (f. praxilla), Mt. Maquiling, alt. IOO m, 1969-xii-19 & 21 I. Hiura leg. 2БЙ (tattered), Quezon National Forest Park, Atimonan, alt. 300m, 1969-xii-20 I. Hiura leg. NEGROS : 1 БЙ , 1955-x (OMNH. EI-376, ex Tomita Co. ) . MlNDANAO : 3 БЙ, Upper Sibulan ~ Todaya, alt. 450m, 1969-xii-7-14 H. Gutierrez and E. Reynoso leg. PALAWAN:15БЙ 3БК (2БК f. horsfieldi, 1БК f. elyros), Quezon, 1969-xii-8-12 I. Hiura, R. Alagar and Y. Miyatake leg. 10БЙ 1БК (f. elyros), Tagbulos, alt. 5m, 1969-xii-15 I. Hiura, R. Alagar and Y. Miyatake leg.

JORDAN (1908-9) divided Papilio polytes into two supra-subspecific groups. First one distributes throughout Continental Asia, Formosa, Ryukyu and Malaysia having blue scales outside a white band on under surface of hind wing, while the second distributes in Philippine and Moluccas, without such blue scales. Specimens collected at Palawan and other Philippine islands have uniformly narrower and longer harpe of the male genitalia as compared with specimens from various localities belonging to JORDAN'S first group. They are all tailless and blue scales cannot be recognized between orange anal spot and white spot of discal band in space lb. We consider them (JORDAN'S second group) a distinct species separable from true P. polytes.

In the specimens we collected from Palawan all white spots of the band are separated by black veins, whilst in the specimens from Luzon and Mindanao white spots touch one another. August specimen from Manila have a tendency to approach to the Palawanese specimens.

12.Papilio (Charus) helenus palawanicus (Staudinger, 1888)

13. Papilio (Charus) hystaspes (C. & R. Felder, 1862)

14. Papilio (Iliades) lowi (Druce, 1873)

15. Papilio (Iliades) rumanzovia (Eschscholtz, 1821)

16. Papilio (Achillides) daedalus daedalus (C. & R. Felder, 1862)